HISTORY OF CHESS

History Origins of Chess Games
Chess game according to Wikipedia was first discovered in the Persian and Arabic. The word "chess" itself comes from the word "Chaturanga," which in Sanskrit means "four divisions of the army."
Chess then spread throughout the world with various variants of the game until we know what it is.
The game was originally spread to the Far East and India, and became one of the lessons in the Persian royal family and nobility. Buddhist religious leaders, merchants passing on the Silk Road began to introduce a chess board for this game.
Chaturanga into Europe via the Byzantine Kejaraan Persia, and spread to the Arab Empire. Moslems then bringing chess to North Africa, Sicily, and Spain in the 10th century.
This game became popular in Europe. And, at the end of the 15th century, this game get away from the list of games that banned the Church. In the modern age nascent chess reference books, then use a chess clock, and a number of rules of the game and the great players.
History Origins of Chess India
The origins of modern chess was originally known as Charuranga, which flourished in India in the 6th century. Since the beginning of this game is to introduce the two parties play, different chess pieces with the power of different, and depending on the fruit last victory, or in modern chess was marked by the fall of the king. In ancient chess, chess board has 100 squares or even more.
In the early 19th century, an opinion delivered Captain Hiram Cox and Duncan Forbes played the first chess 4 people at once, including four players in Chaturanga.
In the terminology of Sanskrit, "Chaturanga" means "having four parts" and the heroic epic poem the word also means "soldiers." Name itself comes from a battle formation in the epic Mahabharata famous in India. Chaturanga is a war game simulation to demonstrate the power of India's military strategy at the time.
Ashtapada, box 8 x 8 on a board is a place to play Charuranga. Other boards are known in India is Dasapada Saturankam 10 x 10 and 9 x 9.
Arab scientist Abu al-Hasan 'Al? al-Mas "? d? gives details on the use of chess as a means of military strategy, mathematics, gambling and sometimes associated with divination fate in India and elsewhere. Note Mas "? D? Ivory in India also showed an area of ​​chess equipment manufacturers for the first time, deploying and introducing this game from Persia to India during the Kingdom Nushirwan.
Then the evolution of the game Chaturanga known as Shatranj (chatrang), which is a game of two players who defeat and victory is determined by a purge of all the opponents pieces (except the king) or through conquest against the opponents king. The position of pawns and horses do not change, but other pieces change shape.
History Origins of Chess Middle East
Karnamak-i Ardeshir-i run into, a founder of the Persian Sassanid Empire in Iraq chatrang introduce the game as a way for the people to remember him as a legendary hero. The oldest record of the game was made in the 10th century the game notation between a historian and student Baghdad.
In the 11th century, Ferdowsi said the king came from India to do the game on a chessboard. This story is translated in English, based manuscript British Museum.
One day an ambassador of Hindu king came to trial Persian Chosroes, and after exchanging pleasantries, the ambassador presented a chessboard made of ebony and ivory.
He then threw a challenge: "Oh great king, discover the smartest and wisest people to solve the mystery of this game. If they managed to Hindu god king will give us the title. But if he fails to prove that the Persian skill level is lower and we would ask for directions from Iran. "
The envoy then showed he was carrying a chessboard. A day later, after thinking hard, Buzurjmihir, solved the mystery of it and then got a degree as promised.
Historical Origins of the European Chess
Variations charunga entered Europe through Persia, the Byzantine Empire as the spread of the influence and the expansion of the Arab Empire. Chess into southern Europe by the end of the first millennium.
Sometimes chess is also carried by the troops occupying the new colonies, such as Normandy entering British territory. Chess was originally less popular in Northern Europe are not used to think abstractly but slowly became popular when introduced to figurative pieces.
Social values ​​of the strengths of this game in the past this game and the honor associated with high culture so few chess boards made of special materials and high-priced. Popularity of chess in the West fell between 12 and 15 century AD At that chess books are usually written in Latin.
In the development of chess and is connected to the European knights lifestyle. Peter Alfonsi in his disciplina Clericalis, incorporate chess into the seventh skills needed a knight.
Symbols and army officers began to enter into chess. King Henry I, King Henry II and King Richard I of England is the patron of chess era. Another royal pay serious attention to this game was the King Alfonso X of Spain and King Ivan IV of Russia.
When the church issued a ban on a variety of games in society, chess escape from the black list. St. Peter Damian announced this game away a bad impact on society. Florence Bishop defended this game because it involves skill and "unlike any other game."
In the 12th century, chess pieces started to remain as king (king), queen (queen), elephant / duke (bishops), horses (knights) and the castle (rooks). Pawn / pion (pawn) start connected with the infantry.
Comparison of chess terminology in Sanskrit, Arabic, Latin and English

Sanskrit Latin Arabic English
Raja (King) Rex King Shah
Mantri (Minister) Firz Regina Queen
Gajah (elephant war) Al-Phil episcopus Bishop / Count / Councillor
Ashva (horse) Fars Miles / Eques Knight
Ratha (chariot) Rochus Rukh Rook
Padati Baidaq Pedes Pawn
In medieval times, the game is running long, even after the completion of the new games were held for days. Regulations on the new time limit was introduced in 1300. Rules pawn / pawn may move two pawns when you first step was also introduced.
In the year 1475 the evolution of the game of chess. Introduced the concept of a queen fruit step most kuatserta introduced the concept of pawn promotion that could turn into a queen. War elephants in chatunga also changed the term to be bishop. Thus checkmate becomes easier in this game and drastically reducing the required steps.
An Italian player, Gioacchino Greco, noted as the first professional chess player in the history of this game. He wrote a chess book and show some composition and analysis of chess games. This work is to make chess a popular game and is starting to show the theory, tactics and strategy of the game.
The first work that includes numerous variations and combinations of triumph written by Franchois Danican-Andre Philidor of France. He showed the best chess game for 50 years and the book was published in the 18th century. His book entitled L'Analyze des echecs (Chess Analysis), an influential book to be reprinted up to 100 times.
Playing Chess in the Modern Era
Chess competitions were held in 1834 and in 1851 London Chess Tournament began introducing time limits for each player.
In a player match record terkandang spend many hours to analyze a single step. But in London, a chess tournament chess players are only allowed to spend 2 hours and 20 minutes to take one step.
In its development, introduced a fast chess: chess 5 minutes. However, the popular two-hour rule for any chess player to step up as much as 30 times. At the final variant, a player who fails to fulfill the obligations it will get a penalty.
In the 1861 chess tournament begins playing time restrictions in Bristol, England. A tool used is an hourglass.
Modern chess clock with two buttons and found to facilitate the game. A player can stop the needle winder when he finished walking. Chess clock incorporating flag-fall for players who exceed the time limit already known in the late 19th century

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