Minggu, 07 Oktober 2012

history of satellite


Written by Administrator
History of Satellite
The first man-made satellite Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and started the Russian Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief of design and Kerim Kerimov as asistentnya. The launch has sparked space race (space race) between the Soviets and the Americans.

Sputnik 1 membantuk identify the density of the upper atmosphere by measuring the change in orbit and provide data from the radio signal distribution layer of ionosphere. Because the satellite body is filled with pressurized nitrogen, Sputnik 1 also provided the first opportunity in the detection of meteorites, because the pressure loss caused by the penetration of meteroid can be seen through the temperature data sent to Earth.

Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living creature crew into orbit, a dog named Laika

In May, 1946, Project Rand issued a Preliminary designs for experimental spacecraft to circle around the world, stating that, "a satellite vehicle containing the appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be a powerful tool for science of the twentieth century". Americans are already thinking of launching satellites since 1946 under the Office of the orbiter Aeronotis U.S. Marine force (Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy). Air Force's Project RAND eventually released the above report America, but did not believe that the satellite was a potential military weapon; however, they regard it as a tool of science, politics, and propaganda. In 1954, the U.S. Defense Sekertari stated, "I am not aware of any American satellite program."

On July 29, 1955, the White House announced that the United States would be willing to launch a satellite in the spring of 1958. It was later known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they will launch a satellite in the fall of 1957.

Following pressure from the American Rocket Society (America Rocket Society), the National Science Foundation (national Science Foundation), and the International Geophysical Year, and increased interest in the armed forces in early 1955 the U.S. Air Force and Navy work on Project Orbiter, which uses vehicle Jupiter C to launch a satellite. The project was a success, and Explorer 1 became the first American satellite on 31 January 1958.

In June 1961, three and a half years after meluncurnya Sputnik 1, the Air Force uses various facilities of the Network's Aerospace America (the United States Space Surveillance Network) to catalog number 115 satellites orbiting the earth.

Largest man-made satellite currently orbiting the Earth is Interasional Space Station (International Space Station).

Type of satellite
Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
Satellite communications is an artificial satellite placed in space for the purpose of telecommunications using radio at microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or geostationary orbits, although some recent types of using low Earth orbiting satellites.
Earth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, such as reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making, etc..
Navigation satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to a receiver on the ground to determine the location of a point on the surface of the earth. One satellite navigation is very popular is the GPS of the United States other than that there is also Russia's Glonass. Sight between the satellite and the receiver on the ground there is no interference, then by means of a satellite signal receiver (GPS receiver), can be obtained position data in a place with few meter accuracy in real time.
Spy satellites are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or spy.
Solar power satellites are proposed satellites made in high Earth orbit that uses microwave power transmission to beam solar power to a very large antenna on Earth dpaat used to replace conventional energy sources.
Space stations are man-made structures that are designed for human habitation in space. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft by the absence of the main spacecraft propulsion or landing facilities, and other vehicles used as transportation to and from the station. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years.
Weather satellites are satellites diguanakan to observe Earth's weather and climate.
Miniature satellites are satellites are lightweight and small. New classification is made to categorize these satellites: mini satellite (500-200 kg), micro satellite (below 200 kg), nano satellites (under 10 kg).

Type of orbit

Many considered the altitude orbit satellites, although a satellite can orbit at any altitude.

Orbit Low (Low Earth Orbit, LEO): 300 - 1500km above the earth's surface.
Orbit Medium (Medium Earth Orbit, MEO): 1500-36000 km.
Geosynchronous orbit (geosynchronous orbit, GSO): about 36 000 km above the Earth's surface.
Geostationary orbits (geostationary orbit, GEO): 35 790 km above the Earth's surface.
High Orbit (High Earth Orbit, HEO): over 36 000 km.
The following is a special orbit orbit which is also used to categorize satellites:

Molniya orbit, the satellite orbit with the orbital period of 12 hours and about 63 ° inclination.
Sunsynchronous orbit, the satellite orbit with an inclination and a certain high that always crossed the equator at the same local time.
Polar orbit, the satellite orbit that crosses the polar

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